Site of aerobic respiration - releases energy from glucose as ATP.

Net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration, down a concentration gradient.

The net movement of water molecules from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane.

Movement of particles through a cell membrane from lower to higher concentration using energy from respiration.

Above the optimum the enzyme denatures: the active site changes shape so the substrate no longer fits, so the rate falls.

Molecules have less kinetic energy, so fewer successful collisions between enzyme and substrate occur.

Each enzyme has an optimum pH; away from it the active site is denatured and the rate decreases.

Magnification is how many times larger the image is; resolution is the ability to distinguish two points as separate.

Circular DNA (nucleoid), 70S ribosomes, peptidoglycan cell wall (also plasmids, mesosomes).

Ribosomes on its surface synthesise proteins, which are transported and modified inside the RER.

Modifies, packages and sorts proteins and lipids into vesicles for secretion or lysosome formation.

Water evaporates from mesophyll cells, lowering water potential; cohesion between water molecules (hydrogen bonds) and adhesion to xylem walls pull a continuous column of water up under tension.

Dead hollow lignified tubes with no end walls, narrow lumen, pits for lateral movement - low resistance to flow.

Sucrose is actively loaded at the source, lowering water potential so water enters by osmosis, raising hydrostatic pressure; sap flows to the sink where sucrose is unloaded.

The genetic code is degenerate, so the new triplet may still code for the same amino acid (a silent mutation).

To amplify a small sample of DNA: denaturation 95C, annealing of primers 55-65C, extension by Taq polymerase 72C, repeated in cycles.

DNA is negatively charged and moves to the anode; shorter fragments travel further through the gel in a given time.

Saturated has no C=C double bonds; unsaturated has one or more, causing kinks so molecules pack less tightly (liquid at room temperature).

Plaque narrows the coronary artery and damages the endothelium, a thrombus forms, blood flow to cardiac muscle is blocked, cells respire anaerobically and die.

They prevent backflow of blood from the aorta and pulmonary artery into the ventricles when ventricular pressure falls.

Light excites electrons in chlorophyll; photolysis of water gives H+, electrons and O2; ATP and reduced NADP are made.

They engulf pathogens by endocytosis into a phagosome, which fuses with a lysosome so enzymes digest the pathogen.

Active: the body makes its own antibodies and memory cells (long lasting). Passive: antibodies are received ready made (fast but short lived).